Climate Notes: Climate is the average state of the atmosphere. The two most important elements in climate descriptions are temperature and precipitation. Koppen classification of climate has been the best known and most used tool for presenting the world pattern of climates. Köppen believed that the distribution of natural vegetation was the best expression of an overall climate. A (humid tropical), B (dry), C (humid middle-latitude, mild winters), D (humid middle-latitude, severe winters), and E (polar). Climate controls-) latitude (variations in the receipt of solar energy and temperature differences are largely a function of latitude), land/water influence (marine climates are generally mild, while continental climates are typically much more extreme), geographic position and prevailing winds (the moderating effect of water is more pronounced along the windward side of a continent), mountains and highlands (mountain barriers prevent maritime air masses from reaching far inland, trigger orographic rainfall, and where they are extensive, create their own climatic regions), ocean currents (poleward-moving currents cause air temperatures to be warmer than would be expected), and pressure and wind systems (the world distribution of precipitation is closely related to the distribution of Earth's major pressure and wind systems). Type a climate situated along the equator, Precipitation in AF and Am climates is normally from 175 to 250. Type b dry regions of the world. Other than their meager yearly rainfall, the most characteristic feature of dry climates is that precipitation is very unreliable. Type c humid middle latitude. Type d humid continental climates with severe winters. The greatest annual temperature ranges on Earth occur here. Type e Polar climates are those in which the mean temperature of the warmest month is below 10°C (50°F). Annual temperature ranges are extreme, with the lowest annual means on the planet.
Climate Change Notes: CO2 in the atmosphere causes a greater capacity for warning through the greenhouse effect. Consequences to the environment because of global warming. Melting of polar ice caps, Greenland and Antarctica. Melting of permafrost. Rising of sea levels. Heat waves and cold spells. Increase in storm intensity. Wild plants and animals can be affected. Humans may have to relocate. Some diseases like those carried by mosquitoes could increase, and there could be economic consequences. El Niño conditions: surface current reversed, pushing warm water toward the Eastern Pacific Upwelling repressed unusually warm water across Equatorial Pacific. La Niña: Stronger trade Winds than normal, causing a strong up-welling of cold water in the Eastern Pacific.
Climate Change Notes: CO2 in the atmosphere causes a greater capacity for warning through the greenhouse effect. Consequences to the environment because of global warming. Melting of polar ice caps, Greenland and Antarctica. Melting of permafrost. Rising of sea levels. Heat waves and cold spells. Increase in storm intensity. Wild plants and animals can be affected. Humans may have to relocate. Some diseases like those carried by mosquitoes could increase, and there could be economic consequences. El Niño conditions: surface current reversed, pushing warm water toward the Eastern Pacific Upwelling repressed unusually warm water across Equatorial Pacific. La Niña: Stronger trade Winds than normal, causing a strong up-welling of cold water in the Eastern Pacific.