Wavy Notes
Capillary Action = water’s adhesive property is the cause of capillary action. Water is attracted to some other material and then through cohesion, other water molecules move too as a result of the original adhesion.
In order to raise the temperature of water, the average molecular speed has to increase.
It takes much more energy to raise the temperature of water compared to other solvents because hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules together... and Water has a high heat capacity.
Ex: Think water in a straw
Ex: Water moves through trees this way
In order to raise the temperature of water, the average molecular speed has to increase.
It takes much more energy to raise the temperature of water compared to other solvents because hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules together... and Water has a high heat capacity.
Ex: Think water in a straw
Ex: Water moves through trees this way
adhesion = water attracted to other materials
surface tension = water is pulled together creating
the smallest surface area possible
cohesion = water attracted to other water
molecules because of polar properties
surface tension = water is pulled together creating
the smallest surface area possible
and also
Solute – substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
Solvent– fluid that dissolves solutes
Example: Ice Tea – water is the solvent and tea and sugar the solutes
surface tension = water is pulled together creating
the smallest surface area possible
cohesion = water attracted to other water
molecules because of polar properties
surface tension = water is pulled together creating
the smallest surface area possible
and also
Solute – substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
Solvent– fluid that dissolves solutes
Example: Ice Tea – water is the solvent and tea and sugar the solutes
constituents of ocean salinity
- average seawater salinity = 35%
- main constituents of ocean salinity
- Chloride (Cl-)
- Sodium (Na+)
- Sulfate (SO4 2-)
- Magnesium (Mg2+)
- Processes that decrease seawater salinity:
- Precipitation
- Runoff
- Icebergs melting
- Sea ice melting
- Processes that increase seawater salinity
- Sea ice forming
- Evaporation
- Pattern of surface salinity:
- Lowest in high latitudes
- Highest in the tropics
- Dips at the Equator
- Surface processes help explain pattern
- High latitudes have low surface salinity
- High precipitation and runoff
- Low evaporation
- Tropics have high surface salinity
- High evaporation
- Low precipitation
- Equator has a dip in surface salinity
- High precipitation partially offsets high evaporation
- Factors affecting seawater density:
- Temperature ↑, Density ↓ (inverse relationship)
- Salinity ↑, Density ↑
- Pressure ↑, Density ↑
- Temperature has the greatest influence on surface seawater density
- Lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams…ALL water above ground
- Most urban areas rely on surface water
- Supply resources and allow for travel/trade
- Water that seeps below ground
- Some is taken up and used by plants
- Large amounts found in underground rock formations called aquifers
- Runoff
- Water flowing down slope along Earth’s surface or seep into the ground
- Run off speed determined by slope of the hill
- Ends up in a stream or lake, evaporate, or accumulate into puddles
- seep into ground
- ground must have large enough pores- loose soil
- evaporate
- Certain characteristics will determine whether not water will either seep into or become runoff
- Vegetation
- Vegetation allows for loose soil
- Loose soil allows water to enter ground
- Gardeners do not pack their soil
- Rate of precipitation
- Heavy:
- soil clumps together closing pores
- Fills up ground to quickly and water becomes runoff
- Light:
- allows water to gently slide through
- Less erosion
- Soil Composition
- Effects the waters holding capacity
- Decayed organic matter (humus)
- Creates the pores in soil – Increases retain ability
- Minerals
- Clay – fine mineral which clump together
- Few Spaces
- Sand – large pores
- Slopes
- steep: allows for high runoff and little absorption
- Little: low runoff and high absorption
- Runoff
- Surface water flows in thin sheets and eventually collects in small channels
- Runoff increases, channels widen and become deeper and longer
- Channels fill up again each time with rain
- Channel can become a stream
- Water sheds:
- drainage basin
- Land where all water drains into
- Divide
- High land area that separates watersheds
- All the materials that the stream carries
- Solution
- Material that has been dissolved
- Depends on area where the steam runs through
- Erosion of rocks and dirt
- Suspension
- Small particles held up by the turbulence of stream
- Clay, silt, sand
- Depends on volume and velocity of water
- Bed Load
- Turbulence of water pushes heavy things
- Pebbles and cobbles
- Larger velocity – large objects
- B/c of abrasion, rocks are smooth
- Floods
- Water fills over the sides of a stream banks
- Floodplain: broad flat area of land that extends out from streams for excess flooding
- Slow moving waters
- Low dissolved salt
- Plant and animal life depends on depth of water, rate of flow, and amounts of nutrients, sunlight, and oxygen
- Include lakes, ponds, rivers, and wetlands
- START in mountainous regions
- Cold
- Shallow beds
- Highly oxygenated
- A river’s characteristics changes with geography, climate, and the runoff from nearby developments
- Karst Topography
- formed by dissolving rocks at, or near, earths surface
- common featured
- Sinkholes- surface depressions
- sinkholes form when bedrock dissolves and caverns collapse
- caves and caverns
- Sinkholes- surface depressions
- Area lacks good surface drainage